Lost Continents

Atlantis in the Sahara?!
Annals of Pseudohistory:
Bury that Theory
Beneath a Sea of Dunes.

So geographers in Afric-maps
With savage-pictures fill their gaps;
And o’er unhabitable downs
Place elephants for want of towns.
— Jonathan Swift

By Ron Fritze from Athens, Alabama
Posted October 14, 2009

Anyone familiar with the history and lore of Atlantis and Atlantology knows that the large catalog of locations suggested for a historical Atlantis covers a significant portion of the lands and seas of the earth. Atlantis, it seems, is everywhere — and nowhere to be found.

In 1954 L. Sprague de Camp listed 188 writers and scholars who had identified Atlantis with a relatively specific geographical location. In the half-century since De Camp compiled his list, hundreds of new books have been written about Atlantis and theories about its location.

The great majority of the theories listed by De Camp identified Atlantis as an island in the Atlantic Ocean, usually now submerged. That is the classic Atlantis theory, which is consistent with Plato’s account — if one assumes that Plato was really writing a historical account. Other locations in the Atlantis pantheon of geographical possibilities include Britain, Sweden, France, Palestine, the Arctic, the Antarctic, North and sometimes South America, and the island of Santorini in the Aegean Sea.

Waves of Sand

Among the strangest, most incongruous of suggested locations is the Sahara Desert. Atlantis is a lost continent that sank beneath the waves, or so Plato said. That means a lot of water. The Sahara is the world’s largest desert. Its name literally means desert. In a place like the Sahara, there is not a lot of scope for a lost continent or even a more modest island sinking under the sea. To suggest a Saharan location for Atlantis requires an inventive argument and a lot of imagination. Keep in mind, a number of people have suggested Atlantis was located in Morocco, Tunisia, and the Atlas Mountains. Theories locating Atlantis beyond the Atlas Mountains in the Sahara proper are not quite as common.

Interestingly, the first person to postulate that Atlantis was located in North Africa was the French botanist D. A. Godron, whose 1868 treatise placed the lost civilization in the Sahara. He was followed by the geographer E. F. Brelioux, who in 1874 claimed that Atlantis once stood along the coast of Morocco between Agadir and Casablanca where the Atlas Mountains came down to the sea. Brelioux suggested that the ancient city of Kernë was the inspiration for the capital city of Atlantis.

Two years later the French medical anthropologist Gustave Lagneau (1827-1896) also suggested that Morocco was the site of Atlantis. The German geographer A. F. R. Knötel published his Atlantis und das Volk der Atlanten in 1893, which also placed Atlantis in Morocco, although he identified the Atlantean priests of the cult of Thoth-Ouranos-Hermes as having originally migrated from Chaldea.

French SciFi Inspires a Revival.

After Knötel, writings about a North Africa/Saharan Atlantis halted until science fiction inspired a pseudohistorical revival.

In 1919 the French novelist Pierre Benoit (1886-1962) published L´Atlantide, his second novel. (His first novel, Koenigsmark, a mystery/romance/thriller set in a castle in pre-World War I Germany, was published in 1918.) L´Atlantide is a fantasy adventure in which two French army officers, Morhange and Saint-Avit, journey into the deep Sahara on a mission of exploration. Nearing the Ahaggar Mountains, they rescue a lone Tuareg named Cegheir-ben-Shiekh from a flash flood. The Tuareg, however, is on a mission of his own. He drugs the two Frenchmen and takes them to the city of Atlantis hidden in the Ahaggar Mountains.

In primeval times, the story goes, the Sahara contained a sea. Atlantis was an island in its midst. Earthquakes raised the bottom of the ancient sea, causing the water to drain off. Atlantis was left high and dry, an island of mountains in a sea of desert. The Tuaregs are the descendents of the Atlanteans. Some of them are particularly long-lived, in particular Antinea, the reigning queen of Atlantis and a descendent of Poseidon. Cegheir-ben-Shiekh brought the two Frenchmen to Atlantis as a gift to Queen Antinea, who is eager to satisfy a strange obsession. Antinea is a man-hater whose goal is to seduce 150 men, each of whom who will then become obsessed with her and die of broken hearts when she drops them for a new conquest. When a rejected suitor dies, Antinea has the body embalmed as a statue of orichalc, the mysterious metal of ancient Atlantis. The statues are displayed in a gallery on the premise that once Antinea accumulates 150 such trophies, she will reign in peace as queen of Atlantis, having avenged herself on the men of the outside world.

Antinea exerts her fatal charms on Morhange, who, as an otherworldly scholar, turns out to be immune to the Atlantean queen. A jealous Saint-Avit kills Morhange and escapes from Atlantis, but only after a rather horrific period of wandering through the desert. Once back in civilization, Saint Avit’s fellow officers ostracize him when he admits that he killed Morhange. He also remains obsessed with Antinea. One day he disappears to return to Atlantis and take his place as an orichalum in a niche among the 150 vanquished lovers in the gallery.

L´Atlantide proved to be a very popular novel. Translated into English in 1920 as Atlántida in England and Queen of Atlantis in the United States, the novel has been reprinted a number of times. Most recently it has appeared in the series of classic fantasy and science fiction reprints in the Bison Frontiers of Imagination series published by the University of Nebraska Press.

A Great Story for the Movies

A French silent film adaptation of the novel appeared as L´Atlantide in 1921. The German director Georg Wilhelm Pabst made German, English, and French film versions of the novel in 1932 and 1933 titled respectively Die Herrin von AtlantisThe Mistress of Atlantis, and L´Atlantide. An American film version of the novel appeared in 1949 as Siren of Atlantis, while the French brought out another L´Atlantide film in 1992.

Benoit’s novel was also converted into a Hercules movie by the Italians in 1961. It was was released to English-speaking audiences as Hercules and the Captive Women, but not before the earlier Hercules Unchained (1959 starring Steven Reeves) had appropriated the concept of an evil queen seducing men and turning them into statues. In both movies the granitic Hercules is ultimately able to shake off the shackles of female wiles, something Benoit’s doomed heroes are unable to do, except the guileless Morhange.

Pierre Benoit’s novel also reignited the production of purportedly nonfiction books locating Atlantis in North Africa. The Belgian physical anthropologist A. L. Rutot in 1921 advocated his own Atlantis-in-Morocco theory. Something of a maverick, Rutot had for years claimed to have found stone tools in European sites that were similar to implements used by aborigines in Tasmania, but dating 25-38 million years ago. His Atlantis contention was seconded in 1922 by the explorer E. L. Genti, who championed the idea of a Moroccan Atlantis.

The Ahaggar Mountains? Morocco?
Tunisia? No, Let's Go with Friesland!

More directly inspired by Benoit’s novel was Count Byron Khun de Prorock, an initially talented amateur archaeologist who had turned to sensationalism. Exploring deep into the Sahara in 1925, he penetrated the Ahaggar Mountains and concluded they were a possible location for a historical Atlantis. That same year Mario Vivarez joined the throng, claiming that Morocco was Atlantis. The German Albert Hermann added Tunisia to the possible locations for the lost continent, although he claimed that the original Atlantis was located in Friesland. 

In 1926 the librarian Claude Roux returned to Godron’s original suggestion that the Sahara was the lost land of Atlantis, although he located it in what is now Libya. A few years later in 1930, Otto Silbermann also advocated Libya as the site of Atlantis, but he claimed that Plato’s story of the lost civilization was based on a war between the Phoenicians and Libyans that had occurred in the desert. Bernard Marque in 1933 made the same claim for Atlantis in North Africa.

We are left with the base conclusion that Atlantology is not an exact science. Given the flexible and fluid nature of the enterprise, theories about Atlantis abound — and most are mutually contradictory. That in itself raises some doubts about the existence of a historical Atlantis. Among the least plausible of the many speculative theories are those that place Atlantis somewhere in North Africa, whether they preceded or followed Benoit’s classic L´Atlantide.

 

The snow-draped grave site of Gertrude and Edgar Cayce
at Hopkinsville, Kentucky, on February 12, 2010

At Hopkinsville, Edgar Cayce
Is the Most Famous Native Son.

By Ron Fritze from Athens, Alabama
Posted March 11, 2010

Recently, my old friend and roommate Brian Coutts invited me to come to Bowling Green, Kentucky, and give a lecture about the myth of Prince Madoc and the Welsh Indians on the American frontier. I would be speaking in the Kentucky Live program sponsored by the Western Kentucky University Libraries. Although my lecture was scheduled for 11 February at 7 p.m., I drove up early to Bowling Green with a view to missing the Nashville rush hour, which I managed to do.

Best Mex this Side of Texas

Brian, his wife Karen, and I met some other people at a very nice Mexican restaurant across the street from the Barnes and Noble where I would be giving my talk. The place is named Garcia’s Grille and I highly recommend it. They served the best Mexican food I have eaten since moving from Texas almost nine years ago. We were joined by some other Western Kentucky faculty and enjoyed a very pleasant meal. Later I gave my talk and it went well. Several in the receptive audience even bought copies of my new book and wanted them signed.

For those unfamiliar with Kentucky’s geography, Bowling Green is about sixty miles east of Hopkinsville. So what, you might ask? Since you’ve already read the title of this essay, you probably have your suspicions. Hopkinsville is the birthplace of Edgar Cayce, the sleeping prophet. And if you are a frequent reader of my essays, you know that I am drawn to places with connections to pseudo-history and pseudo-science like a moth is drawn to a flame. I just want to see them. So my plan for Friday morning was to drive to Hopkinsville and check it out.

After a pleasant rest at Brian and Karen’s comfortable home, I sat with Brian for some time in the early morning light, drinking coffee and enjoying good conversation. It was good to catch up with an old friend. Then I got on the road, which treated me kindly the entire trip. As most of you know, the winter of 2009-2010 has been a cold one with lots of snow. But no snow or storm plagued my journey. Instead, I had two very nice, mostly sunny days for travel.

Trying to Find His Voice,
Edgar Slipped into a Trance.
The Outcome Was Epic.

Who was Edgar Cayce? As I mentioned, he is known as the “sleeping prophet.” Edgar Cayce (1877-1945) was born into a farming family who lived near Hopkinsville. He grew up in Hopkinsville and attended school there through the age of thirteen and to the level of the seventh grade. Taking up the profession of being a photographer, Cayce began working in Hopkinsville. Then in 1901, he developed a paralysis of the throat and could not speak. Asking a local hypnotist to put him into a trance, Cayce not only spoke, but also provided the hypnotist with a diagnosis and a remedy for his paralysis of the throat. Coming out of the trance, the young photographer had recovered the ability to speak. After several more session with the hypnotist, Cayce was completely cured. Word of Cayce’s wondrous experience spread quickly, inspiring a stream of seekers to visit the young man in search of medical advice.

Cayce’s method was to lie down on a couch and go to sleep or slip into a trance. When that happened, someone would read him a question and the sleeping Cayce would answer it. At first the questions pertained to medical issues, but then Cayce began receiving requests for prophecies and contacts with the dead. Some unscrupulous people even persuaded Cayce to give them some prophecies that could be used for financial gain. Realizing that prophecies tied to financial speculation would very likely jeopardize his ability to tap into his psychic gift, Cayce grew wise and refused participate in that activity.

Two Archives:
One in the Ether,
The Other at Virginia Beach

During his lifetime, Cayce gave over 14,000 psychic readings, which were carefully transcribed and are archived at the Association for Enlightenment and Research (AER). The AER was founded by Cayce in 1931 and is located in Virginia Beach, Virginia.

The interesting thing is that Cayce’s medical diagnoses tended to be effective, so people continued to use his services. He called himself a “psychic diagnostician” on his business card, although he never sought to make a fortune from his ability. According to Cayce, his ability to make good medical diagnoses and other predictions was based on the existence of reincarnation. Such a belief conflicted with Cayce’s membership in the Disciplines of Christ and his devout adherence to most of its tenets and doctrines. Clearly, the seeming cognitive dissonance inherent in his situation did not bother Cayce, who claimed to have lived many lives in the past, including some on ancient Atlantis. He said that his healing abilities in his present life derived from knowledge he’d attained in a previous life as an accomplished doctor in ancient Greece.

It is important to remember that when he was conscious, Cayce did not remember any of this stuff. The sleeping Cayce was an entirely different man, quickly entering into the stream of astral projection, where he could channel contact with the dead, tap into his and others’ past lives, and consult the Akashic Records.

The Akashic Records are an archive of occult knowledge. They are stored in the ether. Madame Helena Blavatsky and the Theosophical Society first revealed the existence of the Akashic Records during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Ever since, these supersensible records have provided a ready library of universal knowledge for people who possess the ability to step out of their bodies and enter the archive. As for me, the best I can hope for is the Library of Congress.

530 West Seventh Street
Edgar spent part of his childhood here.

When Awake,
He Championed Homeopathy.

Cayce’s ability to provide psychic diagnoses from a trance state complimented the enthusiastic advocacy of healthy living he dispensed from the waking side of his being. He also maintained a close relationship with Dr. Wesley Ketchum, a doctor of homeopathic medicine who practiced in Hopkinsville, and no doubt taught Cayce the secrets of his craft. Homeopathy medicine is based on the principle of “like curing like.” The foundational technique is to treat ailing patients with small doses of substances which in larger dosages would actually create the symptoms they are suffering from.

In addition to useful medical advice, Cayce’s readings provided content for a psychic repository of information about the life and times of former Atlanteans. As the readings unfolded into a body of work, Cayce began to construct an outline of the history of the lost continent.

It also appears that Cayce was the first person to reveal, or to imagine, the existence of mysterious energy crystals in the homes and temples of Atlanteans. The revelation gained currency, and nowadays you are likely to find reference to those crystals not only in fictional works of novels and films, but also in books advertised as non-fictional accounts of the lost civilization, thus raising the status of the Akashic Records to that of primary source material.

From Atlantis,
It's a Short Journey
To the Realm of Pseudo-History.

Cayce’s reach gradually began to extend into ancient Egypt, where his astral contacts revealed all sorts of mysteries and profound truths. The fact that professors of Egyptology know nothing about these mysteries and remain more than a little skeptical about them has absolutely no currency with Cayce’s acolytes and borrowers.

Atlantis and Egypt became are the ancient places where Cayce moved from medical diagnoses into the realm of pseudo-history.

Besides living in Hopkinsville, Cayce also spent some time in Bowling Green and Louisville before moving to Virginia Beach. The library of Western Kentucky University possesses the business records and photographs from the photography studio he operated in Bowling Green.

No Time for Jeff Davis Today.

My drive down Highway 68 to Hopkinsville was an easy one. Along the way I passed the newly constructed monument to Jefferson Davis at Fairview. It is an obelisk that looks ever so much like the San Jacinto monument in Texas, only smaller. I say that as an objective Hoosier rather than as an adoptive Texan with nineteen years of residence under the Lone Star — and also as one who eventually fell under sway of the mantra that everything is bigger in Texas. I must confess: I didn’t not stop to honor President Davis. I was on a mission to see Edgar Cayce and was not to be distracted. Besides, my ancestors wore blue. I am a Lincoln man.

Approaching Hopkinsville, I wondered about where I should go to get started. I knew of a visitor’s bureau on Fort Campbell Boulevard, so I went there. Good move. Yes, I was a bit worried that asking about Edgar Cayce might raise some eyebrows. Not so! He is Hopkinsville’s most famous native son.

The Pennyroyal Area Museum in the 1914 Post Office building

The receptionist at the visitor’s bureau put me in contact with a very nice woman named Cheryl Cook, who is the executive director of the Convention and Visitor’s Bureau. She gave me a brochure, nicely done, with two full pages on Cayce, including a detailed map of houses and buildings associated with his life. Ms. Cook told me she was planning an even more detailed guide. She also gave me a map to the Riverside Cemetery where Cayce and his wife Gertrude are buried. In addition, she advised me to make my first stop at the Pennyroyal Area Museum, but cautioned that the exhibits were closed so that the heating and air conditioning system could be replaced.

In Hopkinsville’s pleasant and historic downtown, I parked in front of the museum. I could see all sorts of older but nicely kept-up buildings, including one of those old movie theaters, this one with the mysterious name of Alahambra Theatre. Old movie houses are another of my loves, equal to Carnegie libraries in my personal pantheon architectural delights.

Kentucky Courtesy

The Pennyroyal Area Museum occupies a prominent place in the old Post Office building, which was dedicated in 1914. As such, it is a great place for a museum. Entering the structure, I saw obvious signs of construction. But the gift shop was open and a friendly woman asked if she could help. I’ve come to see the Edgar Cayce exhibits, I replied. She said the exhibits were closed, but that she would check with the museum director about letting me have a look. Very generously, they did allow me to look, turning on the lights with a gracious invitation to enjoy.

The Arnold Cottage at 1910 South Main Street

The museum features a great collection of photographs, artifacts, and memorabilia having to do with Edgar Cayce. I took a lot of good pictures. In the gift shop, I bought a couple of postcards of Edgar Cayce and noticed a couple of books on Cayce that I didn’t know existed, including one titled Edgar Cayce’s Egypt. The pleasant woman who is director of the museum came out to see me and provided another map with directions for finding Cayce’s grave, which included a photograph pointing out the relation of the grave to a little chapel on the cemetery grounds. She also invited me to attend the next Cayce conference, an annual affair. The people I met in Hopkinsville were all friendly and hospitable. I would look forward to a return trip on that basis alone.

The drive from the Pennyroyal Area Museum to the Riverside Cemetery passed quickly. Thanks to the two helpful maps, I easily located the Cayces’s graves. Someone had considerately added a little sign to guide visitors. The two tombstones of Edgar and Gertrude Cayce are very modest, befitting the fact that the psychic physician eschewed getting rich off of his readings. And finding the graves on that sunshiny day was a personal bonus because I had assumed that the prophet was buried in Virginia Beach. We did not speak during my visit as I haven’t yet learned how to astral project. I would imagine that others visitors have managed make contact.

1723 East Seventh Street
The Cayces lived here for a short while.

With time to spare, I drove into town to search for four houses where Cayce had lived while in Hopkinsville. A fifth, the country house where he lived as a baby, unfortunately fell into such a state of dilapidation that it had to be torn down.

In 1893 Cayce’s parents moved into Hopkinsville and took up residence at 705 W. Seventh Street. A few years later they moved to 530 W. Seventh Street, which the family occupied in the late 1890s during Edgar's childhood. Cayce briefly lived at houses located at 1723 E. Seventh Street and 1931 E. Seventh Street. I was not able to locate the latter as there was no parking or sidewalks on that section of the street. Cayce’s last dwelling in Hopkinsville was the Arnold Cottage located at 1910 South Main Street in a neighborhood of generally much larger Victorian style houses. I also managed to get some pictures of the Dalton Building at Seventh and Virginia. It was the site of Dr. Ketchum’s office where Cayce gave some of his readings from 1905 to 1912.

Next Time,
I'm Ordering Burgers

My one regret is that I did not stop to eat at Ferrell’s on 1001 S. Main. The Hopkinsville brochure claims that they serve the best hamburgers in western Kentucky. Intrigued, I drove by the restaurant, which appeared on the cityscape as a classic local diner, its name emblazoned in red neon on a kelly green sign. But I was worried about getting snared by the Nashville rush hour traffic during my drive home. So I hit the road.

After I got back and e-mailed my good friend and writing partner Eb Bowles about the trip, he told me that he had eaten at Ferrell’s during last summer’s Travels with Godzilla and that the food was great. With visions of burgers soaring on the ether, I’ve found yet another reason to revisit Hopkinsville. If you get the chance, check it out. Hopkinsville is a nice town with some pleasant and helpful people. While you’re there, be sure to visit the Pennyroyal Area Museum. Edgar Cayce is just one of their very interesting exhibits. And, of course, visit Cayce’s grave. You might have better luck than me in the art of channeling. If you do, I’d love to hear what the sleeping psychic has to say in these waning days before the end of time in 2012.

 

Augustus and Alice Le Plongeon

How Two Well-Intentioned
Archaeologists Mangled
The Origins of History.

By Ron Fritze from Athens, Alabama
Posted on September 8, 2010

I am undecided whether Le Plongeon concocted these anecdotes from wishful fantasy or whether, as seems likely, he was so inept with spoken Maya that he simply misunderstood much of what the Indians said. There is considerable evidence favoring each of these possibilities.
— Robert Wauchope

Augustus Le Plongeon (1826-1908) was a controversial pioneer archaeologist who primarily worked on the Maya ruins of Uxmal and Chichen Itza in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico during the 1870s and early 1880s. He and his wife Alice Dixon (1851-1910) accomplished much useful archaeological fieldwork, but their theory that the Maya were the originators of all human civilization, including Egypt and Atlantis, brought them into disrepute with the rest of the emerging archaeological profession.

Although born the son of a French naval officer, Augustus Le Plongeon would later come to consider himself a citizen of the United States. During his early life he traveled widely, particularly in the Americas, where he gained training in medicine, which allowed him to adopt the title of doctor. He also learned photography, a skill he put to good effect on his archaeological work, and developed an interest in American antiquities. While busy with these varied pursuits, Augustus managed to grow a long and flowing beard, perhaps to add some dramatis personae to his blossoming identity.

A Marriage Made for Archaeology

Meanwhile, in early 1873 the forty-seven-year-old adventurer married Alice Dixon, a lass of twenty-two from an English family living in Brooklyn. The newlyweds immediately launched their joint archaeological career, sailing for the ruins of Yucatán in July 1873.

Augustus and Alice not only fell in love with each other, they also fell in love with the Maya civilization. It was a passion that distorted their objectivity and ability to think critically.

The Le Plongeons were assiduous recorders of details at the Maya ruins. Their greatest discovery occurred in 1875 when they uncovered the statue they named Chaacmool (Maya for powerful warrior) but later altered to Chacmool. Based on the Chacmool statue and other evidence from the ruins, Le Plongeon developed a version of Maya history going back ten or eleven thousand years and involving a Queen Moo, a Prince Coh, and others. This dating made the civilization of Queen Moo the oldest on earth and the source of all the others, or so Le Plongeon reasoned.

Atlantis Was a Colony of the Maya.

His theories and conclusions positioned Le Plongeon as an extreme diffusionist or hyper-diffusionist — just at the time when diffusionism was coming under increasing attack in scholarly circles. Like many of his contemporaries, Le Plongeon believed that Atlantis existed, but he was unique in that he considered it to be a colony of the Maya and not the other way around. He applied the same logic to Egypt, which he claimed was visited regularly by the Maya in the era before historical records.

These theories attracted much criticism to Le Plongeon, who stoutly defended his ideas. His spirited defense only caused the archaeological profession to ostracize him further.

Le Plongeon's flamboyant manner did not help his case. Many tales have circulated about him, and none bring credit to his reputation. He liked to tell a story about how he convinced his Maya workers that he was one of their ancient ancestors returned to this world by comparing his profile to a bearded figure on a bas-relief. The story has been widely doubted from the time Le Plongeon told it, but, in fact, it seems to have been largely true. Persistent rumors of his using dynamite on archaeological digs are also not true. It is also claimed that he believed that the ancient Maya had telegraphs when what he actually claimed was that they had prophesied the invention of telegraphy.

Jesus Spoke Maya.

Le Plongeon did, however, maintain that Jesus Christ actually spoke Maya from the cross and not Aramaic. He saw this “truth” as a particularly dramatic example of the supposedly widespread Mayan influence on the ancient world. Instead, it appeared in the realm of ideas as a ludicrous falsehood, one that made Le Plongeon look ridiculous.

Although the archaeological profession rejected the Le Plongeons' theories, other fringe groups did not. Later in life, Augustus and Alice developed close ties with the leaders of Theosophy, which did nothing to improve their scholarly reputations.

Augustus died in 1908 with his work ignored. Embittered about the way academics had treated them, Alice died two years later. According to a recent, sympathetic biographer of the Le Plongeons, if they had limited themselves to their factual archaeological fieldwork and had foregone speculation about the origins of civilization, they would be well and respectfully as fine archaeologists.